Development of Criminal Justice Policy in the Twentieth Century Free Essay Example, 1000 words

Throughout the twentieth century, there was a significant increase in criminal justice research, which prompted the development of criminal justice policy in western nations. This occurred particularly in the years after the Second World War when many nations were focusing on constructing and sustaining a criminal justice policy (Lacey, p5, 2007). Reports claimed that Britain once declared that it had a proud tradition of criminal justice. The tradition basis was the trial by jury, the principle of equality, rule of law and the presumption of innocence before the law (Faulkner, p4, 2010). In the twentieth century, the nation sentencing policies were mainly criminal oriented and founded on a rehabilitative model of individualized sentencing. However, the national crime rate sharply rose in the beginning in the 1960s. On the other hand, there was an interpretation that, those evaluations of rehabilitative interventions were as showing that nothing works and these allegations spoiled the therapeutic criminal and juvenile justice policy and practice (Lipsey et al, p7, 2010). During the Progressive Era, which is around the first two decades of the 20th Century, the juvenile court was born. We will write a custom essay sample on Development of Criminal Justice Policy in the Twentieth Century or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Essay on Islam A Religion and Culture - 1630 Words

Islam: A Religion and Culture Islam is one of the oldest religions in history dating back to about 600 AD. It began when a man named Muhammad heard a voice from the heavens instructing him to proclaim the word of god. Currently there are over 800 million followers of the Muslim religion. The main text of the religion is the Quran which is said to be the word of God, or Allah as called in Muslim. Within the Quran, The five pillars of Islam are proclaimed along with many other concepts very unique to the Muslim religion. Prayer is a very important aspect of Islam as well. Islam has a long history of invention, heritage, and world imperialism that must be understood to completely identify with the concepts of the religion and culture.†¦show more content†¦For many years while trying to convert those of neighboring clans, constant feuding over the Kaaba and the city of Mecca ensued. Eventually Muhammad attacked Mecca to where the city surrendered. Mecca was changed into the new homeland of Islam, and the fo rmer pagan Kaaba was transformed into the monument in which all Muslims are to make a pilgrimage to. The Arabic world was engulfed in Islam and spread like wildfire. As Muhammad was the prophet of Islam, His words and those of Allah are represented in the Quran. The Quran is a compilation of rules, poetry, beliefs, and meanings of Islam. There are some fifteen basic concepts of the Islam and are explained within the Quran. There is not an exact list of these concepts, but are the basic meanings expressed in the book. Righteousness is explained as taking verses to heart rather than empty readings and routine. It also means expressing the beliefs of the Quran in daily life and towards others. The concept of piety is the more intense following of Muhammad. Muslims are taught to mold themselves in the form of Muhammad. The concept of prophet-hood or appearing to mortal men with the word of Allah is a very important aspect of belief in Islam. It proves a connection between heaven and earth through common men. The creation of life by Allah is a strong concept of the awesome power of god. There are rules that forbid self destruction as it would go against what God has created. Islam proclaims there is onlyShow MoreRelatedIslam Culture Versus Islam Religion The Western Perception of Islam1969 Words   |  8 PagesIslam Culture Versus Islam Religion The Western Perception of Islam Throughout this course we have learned several different aspects of Islam as a culture and as a religion we have also been able to put to rest several myths that have plagued Islam in the eyes of the Western World. In this paper I will discuss the significant difference of Islam as a religion versus Islam as a culture as seen through the eyes of a Malay Muslim. I will then go on to discuss how the WesternRead MoreCulture Within The Islamic Religion1290 Words   |  6 Pages Culture within the Islamic Religion Culture is the common uniting factors that a community shares. It includes values, customs, habits, thoughts that guide members of the society. Culture can also be defined as practices and knowledge that is transmitted to the generation by social interactions between members of a social community (Pohlong 1). It differs from community to community. The purpose of the essay is to relate and differentiate culture from religion, especially theRead MoreUnderstanding Islam1309 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Understanding Islam† by Kenneth Jost, pg. 172 – 176 Islam is an ill-perceived religion throughout most of the Western world. Once known as a quiet and peaceful religion, the general perception of people from other religions and most of the world upon Islam is quite distorted. Ever since the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center, an influx of discrimination and prejudice towards Islam and Muslims has spread throughout the world. In â€Å"Understanding Islam,† by Kenneth Jost, an article aboutRead MoreIslamic Culture Essay1273 Words   |  6 PagesMUSLIM CULTURE Muslim culture generally reflects the traditions and customs of Muslims that they adopt for a perfect and respectable life in the society according to the lessons of Quran. Muslim culture is a giant combination of diverse cultures, That’s because Muslims live in various countries all over the world. Most of the practices are common faiths and guidance for all Muslims no matter what country or even content they reside in.. These basic faiths and belives are based on theRead MoreIslamic Reform Since 9/111184 Words   |  5 Pages The religion of Islam garners large amounts attention. Many believe it is a violent and backwards religion. Since 9/11, Islamic reform has become an all-purpose phrase: equally a western impulse to protect itself from Muslim violence and a humanist notion aimed at assisting voiceless Muslims (Eteraz1). Extreme displays of Islamic faith such as the attacks on the World Trade Center on 9/11 have generated negative stereotypes about Islam as a religion. These stereotypes of violence and backwardsRead MoreThe Expansive Of Islam Is My Historical Subject That Interests Me1110 Words   |  5 PagesThe expansive of Islam is my historical subject that interests me. I want to learn, explore, discover and understand more about the Islam and Muslim traditions. I believe that there is so much that people can learn the Islam’s culture. I was so interested about the subject that I decided to read a book based on it to learn more about this wonderful religion Islam. According to the book,.................................................... , the author discusses about the Islam’s traditions. The authorRead MoreThe Religion Of Islam And Islam1544 Words   |  7 Pagesand Islam are not exclusive and need not to be in competition. Instead, they overlap, and share common principles of justice and progress, tolerance and the dignity of all human beings† (Barack Obama). For many decades, in most cultures, religious practice has been a controversial issue, because each religion competes demonstrating that their practices are the true path to God. Religious tolerance is very important because followers should be free to choose their own religion. Some religions areRead MoreThe Rise and Spread of Islam1129 Words   |  5 PagesThe Rise and Spread of Islam The world you once knew is falling to ashes and food is become such a scarcity that people are fighting over a few pieces of bread. The political class is too busy fighting among themselves to care for anyone else. Children are roaming the streets and begging for work to feed their dying, hungry stomachs. This is not a scene from a horror movie, but rather the reality of the beginning of post classical era. In these times of hardship the people turned to a higher powerRead MoreThe Horror Of X And 11 : The Black Skin Of The Boston Bombers915 Words   |  4 Pagesleaving a listener with negative feelings toward the Islam religion and its followers, Muslims. Muslims bear the brunt of social construction because the United States continues to identify the Islamic religion as a whole verses excepting the different sects. Century after century religions have contained sects, experienced trials and tribulations (some bigger than others), and continue to recruit, but most of all religions have offered culture, belief systems, status, and customs within the religiousRead MoreThe Horror Of 9 / 11883 Words   |  4 Pagestaste for Islam followers, Muslims. Muslims bear the brunt of social construction because the U.S. continues to identify the Islam religion as a whole verses excepting the different sects. Century after century religions have been made up of sects, have trials and tribulations (some bigger then others), and continue to recruiting but most of all religions have offered culture, belief systems, status, and customs within the religious communities; this is also true for the Islam religion. As a whole

The Soyuz 11 Space Disaster a Case Study in Engineering Disasters Free Essays

The Soyuz 11 Space Disaster: A Case Study in Engineering Disasters ENGG 123 November 20, 2011 ABSTRACT In 1971, Soyuz 11 was the first manned spaceship to contact the first space station. As the astronauts were preparing to re-enter the earth’s atmosphere the crew cab depressurized and the astronauts were killed within seconds. This paper will discuss the events that happened and how they were investigated. We will write a custom essay sample on The Soyuz 11 Space Disaster: a Case Study in Engineering Disasters or any similar topic only for you Order Now It will also discuss how the disaster affected future engineering decisions regarding the Soyuz missions as well as other future space adventures. i Table of Contents Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. i Table of Contents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ii List of Figures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ iii 1. 0 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1 2. 1 What Happened†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3. 1 What Went Wrong†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 3. 2 What Was Learned†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 4. 0 Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 Works Cited†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 List of Figures Figure 2. 1: a) a view of Soyuz 11 docked b) a view of Soyuz 11 taking off (Space Facts, n. . )†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 Figure 2. 2: a) seating chart for the astronauts b) the three astronauts inside Soyuz 11 c) astronauts preparing for takeoff (Space Facts, . n. d)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Figure 3. 1: a) map of the landing route for Soyuz 11 (Svens Space Page, n. d. )†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Figure 3. 2: a) Soyuz 11 after landing b) workers covering up the astronauts.. 7 ii Figure 3. : a) Funeral held for the three Soyuz 11 astronauts†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 1. 0 Introduction The purpose of this paper is to provide background and information on the Soyuz 11 space disaster. This disaster occurred in 1971 and took the lives of three astronauts who took part in the first successful visit to the world’s first space station. This paper will provide insight on how the disaster actually happened, what the causes were of this disastrous event. It will provide insight on how the events that occurred were investigated and also what was learned from these events and what changed. 2. 1 What Happened Unless otherwise stated the information in this section is provided from About. com(n. d. ) 1 Salyut 1, a space station made by the Soviets was the first space station to ever be made. It was launched on April 19, 1971. It was a large cylinder with three compartments, could be used with or without people inside of it and it could only dock one spacecraft at a time. The primary use of this space station was to study the effects of long term space travel on a human body, as well as studying effects on growing plants. On April 19, 1971 Soyuz 10 was the first spacecraft to attempt a mission out to the space station however this mission was unsuccessful. As the space craft attempted to dock it failed so the astronauts had to return to earth. On the return the ships air supply turned toxic but only one man passed out, all three astronauts recovered fully. On 2 June 6, 1971 Soyuz 11 embarked on a journey to the space station. This ship was originally supposed to be manned by Valery Kubasov, Alexei Leonov, and Pyotr Kolodin. Just before the launch, Valery Kubasov was suspected to have tuberculosis so this crew was replaced by three other men. They were: Georgi Dobrovolski, Vladislav Volkov, and Viktor Patsayev. Soyuz 11 successfully reached the space station and managed to hand dock the ship once they were within 100 metres. Once docked, problems began to take over the mission. Instruments and telescopes were not working, cramped space made it hard to work, and personalities were clashing. A small fire had even broke out at one point. This is when the crew decided to cut the mission six days short and go home. Right after Soyuz 11 undocked and made its way back to earth, all communication with the crew was lost. This happened much earlier than was to be expected. The ship made its way to earth and was discovered on June 29, 1971. When it was opened, all three members of the crew were found dead. The following images are from Space Facts(n. d. ) Figure 2. 1: a) a view of Soyuz 11 docked b) a view of Soyuz 11 taking off (Space Facts, n. d. ) a b Figure 2. 2: a) seating chart for the astronauts b) the three astronauts inside Soyuz 11 c) astronauts preparing for takeoff (Space Facts, n. d) abc 3 3. 1 What Went Wrong Unless otherwise stated the facts provided in this section come from Engineering Failures(n. . ) All the people on earth at the time thought this was a normal re-entry of a space craft. However upon opening the capsule the discovered differently. It was obvious to the people there that the crew had suffocated. Located between the orbital module and the descent module was a ventilation valve. As the two modules had been separated this valve was forced open. The two modules were connec ted via explosive bolts, these bolts were intended to fire sequentially or one after the other, but they actually fired simultaneously or at the same time. Because of this there was extra force put onto internal parts of the space craft. The ventilation valve had been jerked open by all this extra force. This valve was intended to automatically adjust cabin pressure but because it was actually opened in outer space the cabin pressure of the space craft very quickly reached zero, a fatal pressure for the cabin to be at. This valve was located underneath of the astronauts chairs making it impossible for them solve the problem. One of the astronauts was wearing a suit with biomedical sensors that showed he died within 40 seconds of the pressure loss. It only took 935 seconds for the cabin to reach a pressure of zero. 4 The facts in the next paragraph are from abyss. uoregon. edu(n. d. ) What caused all this to go wrong was a poor design. It should have been placed in a more accessible place. When thoughts were going into its design it was thought that it would only need to be used in an emergency, however no one thought what would be happening that it would need to be closed. The valve was intended for emergency but proved no use in the emergency because it was inaccessible. This problem could have been solved if the design team performed more tests, however it is impossible for a design team of a safety device to know every single situation that could happen. The following is a quote from Geoff Perry, Senior Science Master at Kettering Grammar School. 5 â€Å"I picked up my first signals for over 7 days on 28 June around 2110 UT   – Salyut on 20. 008 MHz and assumed that recovery would take place on 29 June around 2000 UT. Consequently I set the alarm clock for 3. a. m. BST hoping to see two objects indicating that Soyuz-11 had separated from Salyut   but that was not to be. We had no signals during 29 June and when 2000 UT came and went I went off watch, but, fortunately, left the time switch to do the pass at 2230 and 0300 UT. I did not believe that the Russians would worry about a recovery in darkness at this time of the year, considering their usual precision landings. However, they did worry and Soyuz-11 went two extra revs to give a daylight recovery. The time switch recorded signals 45 s after it had operated with LOS at 2247:15 +/- 15 s (allowing for possible variations in mains frequency affecting the clockwork). Peter Bentley had banked on a daylight recovery and was listening at Menai Bridge and gives LOS at 2247:27 +/- 1 s (or, as he says, +/- 5 s for 99% accuracy). I have therefore adopted 2247:25 +/- 5 s as LOS and the time of separation of the descent module and instrument module. The tragedy must have occurred minutes, or even only seconds, later. Telemetry at LOS was normal for a Soyuz recovery†. (Svens Space Page, n. d. ) The following is a map taken from Svens Space Page (n. d. ) showing what information the Kettering group had received from Soyuz 11. Figure 3. : a) map of the landing route for Soyuz 11 (Svens Space Page, n. d. ) a 6 The following are images from after Soyuz 11 landed. Figure 3. 2: a) Soyuz 11 after landing b) workers covering up the astronauts a b Figure 3. 3: a) Funeral held for the three Soyuz 11 astronauts a 3. 2 What Was Learned 7 After this terrible and fatal accident much thought and consideration went into the next missions. First off the USSR never ag ain attempted to send astronauts to the Salyut 1 space station. Eventually Salyut 1 was deorbited and burnt up. It took more than two years for another man mission to be attempted About. om(n. d. ) The Soyuz spacecraft went through a lot of modifications. The first main difference was that it was redesigned to only carry two astronauts instead of three. This allowed more room inside which allowed for the astronauts to wear space suits during the launch and the landing. The Soyuz capsule remained this way until a new design in 1980 which allowed three astronauts. 4. 0 Summary The Soyuz 11 space disaster was an extremely unfortunate event. Three astronauts died from a malfunction that should have been fixable. This is a How to cite The Soyuz 11 Space Disaster: a Case Study in Engineering Disasters, Free Case study samples

Business Ethics Managing Corporate Citizenship

Question: Discuss about the Business Ethics for Managing Corporate Citizenship. Answer: Introduction: The two companies selected are Target and McDonald's Australia. McDonald is one of the leading companies in the field of fast food and restaurant. The company has its branches all over the world and has developed its brand reputation by working as per the satisfaction of the customers. Target is one of the leading firms in Australia offering a wide range of services to all its customers which consists of fashionable clothing of men, women and children's, footwear and various other accessories. The company started in the year 1926 aiming to assist the customers with wide range of products. The two of the companies selected operate their respective business processes throughout different parts of Australia. The primary aim of McDonald Corporation is to assist the customers with good quality of food items and to take care of the health of the people. These strategies will help in increasing the effectiveness of the firm to a large extent. The values of the firm reveal the commitment of the firm towards the customers. The firm put people, processes and effective processes to deliver good quality of products to all its customers. Some of the values are sustainability priorities, good food, good sourcing, good people and to generate the effective community with the help of their concerned services. On the other hand, Target Company is engaged in maintaining a sustainable, socially responsible and ethical environment. The people of the firm are engaged in making a positive difference in their respective business throughout different parts of the world. The social responsibility reveals the promotion of the diversity and completes ensuring of the products being ethical. Moreover, the performa nces of the two companies have seen to be quite impressive in terms of their values. McDonald Corporation mainly works to sell their products considering the health benefits of the people. Target offers wide range services and goods as to match up with the lifestyle of the customers. There are various responsibilities of the corporations, which makes a relationship in between the social corporate performance and the financial performances. Two companies named, Mc Donalds and Target has been taken for this research. McDonald is one of the leading fast food chain operating its business processes throughout different of the world. Moreover, the company captures a large market share throughout the concerned market segment of Australia (Mayes et al., 2014). Target is one of the fastest growing companies offering a wide range of services to all its respective customers. Australia is seen to have the best markets where the craze for the latest trends is rising. People throughout Australia are seen to remain busy and therefore the use of fast foods are in large numbers and McDonald corporation has developed its reputation be working as per the satisfaction of the customers and by delivering top quality o the food products (Mayes et al., 2013). The concept of interest in social performance and the values of corporations are being enlarged in Australia at present and these two firms are engaged in adding up the desired value to their respective organizations (Kim Kim, 2014). Based on the International r ecords, the financial performance and social values of these two companies are been identified This research article describes the two companies, Target and Mc Donalds, and examines various social responsibilities and economic performances of their business process within Australia. Target provides customers with a wide range of general merchandise and food products by various retail stores and digital channels (Crane Matten, 2016). While, Mc Donald's in Australia, provides customers with various food products like Hamburgers, soft drinks, French fries, salads, desserts, ice-cream, etc. Both companies run very swiftly in their business, Mc Donald's in Australia, is the most worldwide famous among these two firms, because of its high quality of products and services, customer satisfactory, and highly social connected. As a result, the company has gained good amount profit in its business and running marvelously throughout the world. After identification and evaluation of the market research of Target and Mc Donald's, it has been analyzed that, Target, has gained the second position throughout all the retail markets of US, while Mc Donald's is said to be the largest restaurant chain throughout the world (Moon, 2014). There are many differences in the business policies, for which the economic and social outputs of these two companies are dissimilar among each other. Dealing with the customers effectively is supposed to be one of the issues to needs to be removed in order to get the desired results (Asif et al., 2013). The business reports are based on the company's community contribution, employment training, and development process by the HR, environmental responsibility, sustainable supply chains and the quality of products and services, which is not same for these two companies (Fernandez-Feijoo, 2014). Apart from these, there is customer satisfactory feedback and socially renowned, which is the most important part of every business (Hopkins, 2016). Mc Donald's, Australia, being one of the well renowned and biggest food restaurants chain throughout the world, possess unique evidence factor, for which the market value, as well as the social demand of the business, is growing rapidly, even globally (Cavusgil, 2014). The company provides the customers with high quality of foods and beverages with great customer satisfactory. The corporate Governance, the corporate responsibility of Mc Donald's is well planned, which creates the empowerment of the entire business (Mzembe Meaton, 2014). The business reports of the two companies Target and Mc Donalds has been examined by various international market research. The issues, as well as the differences, can easily be overcome with the help of effective strategies. The management team of the separate companies needs to formulate effective strategies in order to reduce these issues and to enhance the efficiency and the effectiveness of the entire organization (Mzembe Meaton, 2014). The reports are found identical including the economic and social values throughout Australia. In the past 5 years, the company, Target, was facing many difficulties in its business, for which the entire production process was very weak. The reason was running the store with a lack of supportive infrastructures in many places. Expansion of every business needs to explore its brands and products to various regions of the nation, even through abroad. Later, the company started to explore the business in other countries and regions too. As a result , more customers are gained, and profit increased. There was a lack of well HR team. As a result, the recruitment process was very weak. There was the lack of well-skilled workers, newcomers were weak in working, and they need the proper training for working in the proper way. Well, skilled HR recruited afterward, and the deserved candidates were been hired for the company (Lee Jay, 2015). Proper training and development processes are done by the HR. As a result, the company improved the quality of products and services. The company only needs to enlarge the social connectivity among the customers, vendors, and the other public. According to Zadek et al.s criteria, there are certain methods, followed by these two companies, in order to gain social and economic approaches and benefits. The methods are as follows:- Inclusivity: The inclusive has a great role in every workplace. It brings the value of the workplace; maintain an equality relationship among the employees of the organization. Comparability: A comparison between the working processes of the two companies are supposed to be of great importance as it helps in understanding the requirements which can improve the overall performance of the firm (Sahinidis Kavoura, 2014). There exists the critical difference between the values and the social responsibilities of the two firms and this can be evaluated with the help of suitable comparison. Completeness: The companies not only focuses on the surrounding regions for the business but also spreads its products and services globally, by means of more branches, social media sites, etc. Hence, people or customers of every corner of the world can be able to avail the services of them. Evolution: These companies also follow the social accounting processes to fulfill the expectations of stakeholders, vendors, and customers (Peloza Montford, 2015). Management policies: Both of these companies have the strong management team, so as to maintain an excellent business unit among the other competitive companies. Disclosure: It has been seen that the desired issues of the accounting reflect that good social accounting needs to have clear disclosure of the concerned accounts in respect to the stakeholders as well as the shareholders. External verification: External verification is another strong business strategy, for which, many audiences, including customers, vendors, etc, got faith towards these companies, Mc Donalds and Target (Xu, 2014). Continuous improvement: At last, the feedback from the audience also comes good. The entire business is improving because of its good social accounting methods. There are various extents of these two companies, for which the companies have gained strong social values. The social report evaluated by these two firms critically reflects the execution of the business processes of these companies (Lee, 2014). The customers services and the customers satisfaction have been prioritized to be one of the most crucial factors in order to become the leader throughout the concerned competitive market areas. First, comes, the customers experiences. Mc Donalds, Australia, provides excellent quality of foods to the customers, and a superior service to them, While, Target allows the customers to avail the good amount of retail products. The company also provides excellent customer satisfactory, which making the rapid growth of the business. Both Mc Donald's and Target believe in customers satisfactory, to enlighten up their business. Second, comes, the commitment towards people, customers, vendors, etc. The diverse team including well-trained employees, wor k together and form a good working environment among them. Thirdly, comes, the operation of the business in ethical methods. All the employees are individually accountable, together responsible in the work process (Guidry, 2015). The companies possess a sustainable business environment. The work processes are executed in the proper manner, without any compromise of the future goals. Moreover, McDonald stood on all its values and looks forward to the development and welfare of the customers by offering superior service and food quality. For Target, customer satisfaction is supposed to be the top most priority which generally leads to the growth and success of the company concerned. Fourthly, comes, the profitability of the business, by getting support from the stakeholders, to avail customers by best servicing. The discussion on the two companies reveals the differences and the issues coming while the execution of the business processes of these two firms. There exists a difference between the values of these two firms but both of the firms acts to be responsible towards customers satisfaction. The social responsibility plays the major role in evaluating the brand image of the firm throughout the concerned competitive market segments. McDonald Corporation is engaged in developing the finest quality of the products for all its customers as this helps in increasing the satisfaction level of the customers, moreover, it increases the profits of the firm. On the other hand, Target is engaged in satisfying its entire customer with the good quality of the products moreover, it too has executed its social responsibility towards the customers in an effective way. From the entire market research of the two well-renowned companies, MC Donald's and Target, it has been analyzed that, both of the firms, pursues a good name in the corporate market. The companies are highly socially renowned for its superior quality of products and services (Guidry, 2015). There are varieties of products, for which the customers can avail the facility of choosing different kinds of products. Various marketing strategies are present within two companies, for which the business processes are running very swiftly. 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